Hadith

Hadith kya hai? Hadith kahan se aati hai?

Aaj duniya mei Nabi ﷺ ki takreeban 30,000 hadith mojood hain, lekin kya aap ne kabhi socha hai ke ye hazaroon hadith hum tak kaise pohonchi? Inhein aaj se sadion pehle kaise likha gaya tha, jab ke 1400 saal pehle likhne ka rivaaj itna aam nahi tha?

Hadith ka aghaz aur hifazat

Jab Nabi ﷺ apne sahaba ko koi hadith sunate, to sahaba usay yaad kar lete aur aage doosre musalmanon ko sunate. Us waqt Arab mei shayari aur tareekh ko yaad rakhne ka culture tha. Log apni yaad dasht par bharosa karte aur mehfilon mei baith kar shayari sunaya karte. Hazrat Hassan bin Thabit (RA) bhi ek mashhoor shayar thay, jinke bare mei Nabi ﷺ ne farmaya:

"Hassan ke ashaar hamare dushmano par teeron ki tarah hamla karte hain."

Is wajah se Arab logon ki memory bohot tez hoti thi, aur unhein baatein baray arsay tak yaad rehti thi. Jab sahaba Nabi ﷺ se koi hadith sunte, to wo groups mei baith kar ek doosre ko sunate aur yaad karte. Agar koi sahabi hadith bayan karte, to unhein batana parta ke unho ne yeh hadith kis se suni hai, aur phir us shakhs ne kis se suni thi.

Sahaba hadith ko verify bhi karte thay. Agar ek sahabi hadith bayan karte, to doosray sahaba tasdeeq karte ke unho ne bhi yeh hadith suni hai ya nahi. Yeh silsila itna aham tha ke kuch sahaba sirf ek hadith sunne ke liye miles ka safar tay karte.

Jab sahaba ka daur guzra, to unke baad Tabi’een aaye (jo sahaba ke baad ke musalman thay jinhu ne Nabi ﷺ ka daur nahi dekha). Yeh tabi’een bhi hadith ko yaad karte aur uski sanad (chain of narration) ko bhi yaad rakhte. Sanad ki buniyad par yeh dekha jata tha ke hadith sahih hai ya zaeef (kamzor).

Hadith likhne ka aghaz

Kuch sahaba hadith likhne bhi lage. Jaise ke Hazrat Abdullah bin Amr bin Aas (RA) jo har hadith likhte aur unho ne ek kitaab Sahifa Sadiqa likhi. Lekin us waqt likhne ka rivaaj aam nahi tha kyunki likhne ka samaan bohot mehnga aur kam mojood tha. Log pattiyon, janwaron ki hadiyon, aur chamray ke tukron par likhte.

Nabi ﷺ sirf kuch trusted sahaba ko hadith likhne dete, kyunki us waqt Quran bhi nazil ho raha tha. Aap ﷺ ko dar tha ke kahin log Quran aur hadith ko mix na kar dein. Is wajah se Nabi ﷺ ne farmaya:

"Jisne mujh par jhoot bandha, uska thikana jahannum hai."

Nabi ﷺ ki wafat ke baad hadith likhne ka silsila shuru hua, kyunki ab naye hadith aani band ho chuki thi.

Hadith ki tadween (compilation)

Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) ke daur mei Quran ko jama karne ka kaam shuru hua. Kyunki Quran hifz bhi tha aur likha bhi gaya tha, lekin hadith sirf yaad ki ja rahi thi. Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) ne dekha ke log hadith aur Quran dono sunate hain, to unko dar hua ke kahin dono mila na diye jayein. Is wajah se unho ne hadith likhna band kar diya, hat-ta ke apni likhi hui 500 hadithon ko bhi jala diya.

Hazrat Umar (RA) ke daur mei bhi yeh silsila chalta raha. Jab unhein koi nayi hadith sunne ko milti, to wo doosre gawahon se uski tasdeeq karte. Unho ne bhi logon ko hadith bayan karne se roka taake Quran par zyada focus ho. Lekin kuch sahaba jaise ke Hazrat Abu Huraira (RA), Hazrat Anas bin Malik (RA), aur Hazrat Abdullah bin Amr bin Aas (RA) ne hadith yaad aur likhna jari rakha.

Hazrat Abu Huraira (RA) ne sab se zyada hadith riwayat ki kyunki unho ne zyada waqt Nabi ﷺ ke saath guzara. Unho ne farmaya:

"Nabi ﷺ ne ek dafa mujhe farmaya: 'Apni chaadar phailaao.' Phir aap ﷺ ne apne haath se kuch rakha aur kaha, 'Isay lapait lo.' Uske baad mujhe kabhi koi hadith bhooli nahi."

Hadith ki kitaabi shakl aur verification

Jab Hazrat Umar (RA) ke daur mei Islam superpower bana aur Syria, Iraq, Egypt, aur Persia tak phail gaya, to sahaba naye musalmanon ko hadith sunane lage.

Lekin jab Banu Umayya ki hukumat aayi, to us ny ne hadith ko apne political agenda ke liye use karna shuru kiya. Is wajah se scholars ko khatra mehsoos hone laga ke kahin Islam ki asli taleemat na badal di jayein. Tab ek naye islami hukmaran aaye  Hazrat Umar bin Abdul Aziz (RA), jo Islami tareekh ke 6th khalifa maane jate hain.

Unho ne hukam diya ke hadithon ko ikattha kiya jaye aur verify kiya jaye. Imam Zuhri jese scholars ko yeh zimmedari di gayi, jinhone hazaroon hadithon ko jama kiya. Isi waqt Ilm-ul-Rijal ka aghaz hua, jisme hadith ke rawi (narrators) ki credibility check ki jati thi.

Jo hadith authentic hoti, usay Sahih kaha jata, aur jo kamzor hoti, usay Zaeef ka tag diya jata. Scholars mukhtalif shehron ka safar karte, jaise Kufa, Madina, Makkah, Basra, aur Syria, jahan hadith ke mukhtalif records mojood thay.

Kutub-us-Sittah (6 Authentic Hadith Books)

Phir jab Abbasi Khilafat aayi, to ilm aur taleem ko promote kiya gaya. Is daur mein Bagdad ki sabse badi university Bait-ul-Hikmah bani, jahan science, physics, chemistry, aur medicine par research hoti thi. Isi daur mein sab se mashhoor muhaddith paida huay:

1. Imam Bukhari – jinhu ne lakhon hadithon me se 7000 sahih hadithon ko ikattha kar ke Sahih Bukhari likhi.
   
   

2. Imam Muslim – jinhu ne Sahih Muslim likhi.
   
   

3. Imam Abu Dawood
   
   

4. Imam Tirmidhi
   
   

5. Imam Nasai
   
   

6. Imam Ibn Majah
   
   

In 6 kitaabon ko Kutub-us-Sittah kaha jata hai, jo aaj bhi Islam mei sab se authentic hadith books mani jati hain.

Shia hadith aur Sunni hadith ka farq

Shia hadith zyada tar Ahle Bait aur Imamon se riwayat ki gayi hain. Jab Banu Umayya aur Abbasi khilafat ke dauraan Ahle Bait par zulm hua, to Shia scholars hadithon ko secretly likhne lage. Is wajah se unki hadith books zyada tar Ahle Bait aur unke followers ki riwayat par mabni hain.

Jab ke Sunni hadith books mei Ahle Bait ki hadith kam hain. Jaise Imam Bukhari ne Imam Jafar Sadiq (AS) se koi hadith riwayat nahi ki, halan ke wo Nabi ﷺ ki aulad se thay aur ilm mei bohot azeem thay.

Aaj bhi musalman in hadith kitaabon se ilm hasil karte hain aur in par research karte hain taake Islam ki asal taleemat samajh sakein.

Shia hadithon mei kuch riwayatain aisi hain jo Sunni scholars ke nazdeek ghalat ya weak mani jati hain, lekin is ka matlab yeh nahi ke sari Shia hadithen ghalat hain. Har mazhab ka apna ilm-ul-hadith ka system hai, aur iske mutabiq woh apni riwayaton ko verify karte hain. Sunni scholars ne hadith ki authenticity ko bohot sakht tareeqe se check kiya aur unhone ilm-ul-rijal (narrators ka ilm aur unki credibility) aur sanad (chain of narrators) ko bohot zaroori samjha.

Shia scholars bhi apne tariqe se hadithon ko verify karte hain, lekin unka focus zyada Ahle Bayt aur Imam ki riwayaton par hota hai. Yeh difference un dono mazahib ke academic approaches ko dikhata hai.

Ahly Bayt ki mohabbat humari rooh mei basi hai, unki yaadon ka rang har saans mei hai, aur unki taareef humare dil ki gehraiyon meii hai. Hum unke raste par apne dil se chalne wale hain.

Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA), aapki sadaqat aur sabr ka izhaar humare liye misaal hai. Aap ne Islam ka pyaar apni jaan se bhi zyada apnaya, aur aapka har qadam humein imaan aur sabr ka dars deta hai.

Hazrat Umar (RA), aapki izzat aur adal humare dil mei sada zinda rahenga. Aapka har faisla aur har kadam humari rooh ko roshni deta hai.

Hazrat Usman (RA) ke saath wafadari aur Hazrat Ali (RA) ke saath jazbaat ka rang humari rooh ka hissa hai. Unka ilm, unki taqat, unki qurbaniyaan humari zindagi ka noor hain.

Imam Hasan (RA) aur Imam Hussain (RA), aapki shahadat aur qurbaniyon ki roshni humare dil mei hamesha zinda rahegi. Aap dono ki rahon par hum apni zindagi ka safar tay karte hain, aapka dard aur aapka fakhr humare jazbaat ka samundar hain.

Hazrat Aisha (RA), aapka ilm aur imaan har din humari taaleem hai. Aapki har soch, har qadam humare jeene ka usool hai.

Sahaba ki wafadari, unka pyaar, aur unki taaleem humare dil mei basi hai. Unki mohabbat humare jeene ka rang hai.

Ya Allah, humari zindagi mei unki mohabbat ko aur gehraayi de, unke ilm, unke sabr aur imaan ko humare dil mei basaye rakh. Hum apni zindagi ko sirf aap ki rehnumai mei guzarne ki koshish karenge, aur unki rahon par chalne ki himmat humein apni zindagi ka maqsad banane ki du'a karte hain.

Ya Allah, humare dil ko unki mohabbat se roshan kar, unke safar ki manzil ko humare raste ka hissa bana. Jab tak hum zinda hain, unki yaadon ka noor humare saath ho. Ameen!!!